现在完成时是初中英语中最重要也是最难掌握的一个时态,同时它也是中考英语中一个最重要的时态考点,许多同学们对现在完成的用法似懂非懂,具体做题时也往往是跟着感觉走。本文结合初中英语的教学内容和中考英语的考查特点,为同学们归纳学好定语从句必须注意的五个方面,供大家参考。
一、弄清基本构成方法
现在完成时由“have / has+过去分词”构成。其中的have / has 为助动词,构成疑问句时,可将其提前;构成否定句时,可直接在其后加not。
二、掌握两种主要用法
现在完成时主要有两种用法,一种是已完成用法,也叫影响性用法;另一种是未完成用法,也叫持续性用法。两种用法的特点是:
1. 已完成用法(影响性用法):该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作在过去已经完成,并且这个过去发生并完成的动作对现在有影响或结果,同时说话强调的或感兴趣的就是这个影响或结果。如:
She has left. 她离开了。(对现在的影响或结果:她现在不在这儿。)
Has she found her car key? 她找到她的车钥匙了吗?(对现在的影响或结果:她能开她的车了吗?)
I have finished my work. 我的工作做完了。(对现在的影响或结果:现在我没事了。)
He has eaten nothing today. 他今天什么也没吃。(对现在的影响或结果:他现在一定很饿。)
2. 未完成用法(持续性用法):该用法的现在完成时表示一个过去发生的动作并未在过去完成,而是一直持续到现在,并且有可能继续下去(也可能到此结束)。如:
How have you been? 你近来怎样?
She has been a teacher for 20 years. 她已当了20年的老师。
How long have you lived here? 你在这里住了多久了?
They have been married for ten years. 他们结婚已经10年了。
I’ve known her for a long time. 我认识她很长时间了。
注:除以上用法外,现在完成时还可表示过去的重复动作甚至将来动作。如:
He has always gone to work by bike. 他总是骑自行车上班。
I’ll go to bed when I’ve finished my homework. 我做完作业后就上床睡觉了。
三、注意通常连用的副词
现在完成时通常连用的副词有already, never, ever, just, before, recently等。如:
We have finished our work already. 我们已经完成了工作。
He has never driven a car before. 他过去从未开过车。
Have you ever been a teacher? 你当过教师吗?
She’s just been to a party. 她刚参加一个晚会回来。
I’ve just had some photos taken. 我刚照了几张相。
但是,若不强调动作对现在的影响,这些副词也可用一般过去时。如:
He just arrived in. 他刚到日本。
Such things didn’t happen before. 那样的事以前没有发生过。
I hear that he went abroad recently. 我听说他最近出国了。
四、注意since与现在完成时的关系
since不管用作介词、连词还是副词,句子(主句)谓语通常都用现在完成时。如:
I haven’t seen her since last week. 自上周以来我一直未见过她
I met him in 1975 and haven't seen him since. 1975年我见过他,但自那以后就一直未见到他。
We have been good friends since we met at school. 自从读书相识以来,我们一直是好朋友。
注:表示时间长度时,通常用一般现在时代替现在完成时。如:
It’s a long time since I met you last. 好久不见了。
It’s about six months since we arrived here. 我们到这里大约有半年了。
五、注意现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1.already意为“已经”,通常用于肯定句中,可放在助动词之后,过去分词之前,也可以放在句末。实例:
1)I've already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。
(“读”这一动作发生在过去,对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。)
2)I've washed my clothes already.我已经洗了衣服。
(洗衣服的动作已完成,其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。)
注意:在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时,already也可用于(口语)疑问句中。实例:
3)Have you met him already ?你(真的)已经见过他了?
2.yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”,用在否定句中意为“还”,常放在句末。实例:
1)—Has he found his watch yet ?他已经找到他的手表了吗?
—No,not yet.不,还没有。
2)The woman hasn't found her dog yet .
那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。(没找到狗,心里着急,这就是对现在的影响)
3.just意为“刚刚”,表示行为刚刚过去,常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:
He has just come back from school .他刚从学校回来。
4.ever意为“曾经”,用于疑问句或否定句中,放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:
1)Have you ever been to Hong Kong ?你曾去过香港吗?
2)I haven't ever spoken to her.我未曾和她说过话。
5.never意为“从来没有”常与before连用(before要放在句尾,而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例:
I have never traveled by plane before.我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。
6.before意为“以前”,指过去不确定的某个时间,总是放在句末,不受句型的限制。实例:
1)Have you been to Hainan before ?你以前去过海南吗?
2)I haven't eaten Guangdong food before.我以前没吃过广东菜。
六、掌握have been to 和have gone to的用法区别
两者均可后接地点,前者表示去过某地,通常可与表示次数的状语连用;后者表示到某地去了,强调说话的当时去某地的人不在场。比较:
She has been to Europe twice. 她到欧洲去过两次。
She has gone to Europe. 她到欧洲去了。(即现在不在这儿)
注:若其后不是接名词,而是接副词,则不用to。如:
He has been abroad many times. 他多次出国。
He has gone home. 他回家去了。
选择填空:
A) 用have(has) been 或have(has) gone 填空。
A: Where ____________ Li Fei ___________?
B: He ____________ to Hainan Island.
A: How long ___________ he ___________ there?
B: He _____________ there for three days.
A: When will he come back , do you know?
B: I’m afraid he won’t come back recently.
A: Could you tell me the way to Hainan Island?
B: Sorry, I _________ never ___________ there.
A: How many times ___________ Li Fei __________ to that place?
B: He _____________ there only once.
B) 用have/has been to/in, have gone to的各种形式填空。
1) Where is Jack? He __________ his country.
2) David ________ the park just now.
3) John _______since he came back.
4) How long _____ have _____ this village?
5) The Smiths ______ Beijing for years.
6) _____ you ever ____? -- Yes, I _____ there many times.
7) I _____ this school since three years ago.
8) Where is Jim? He _____ the farm.
C)选择填空
( )1.Mrs whites isn't here, sheLondon, shethere many times
(A)has been to , went (B)has gone to , has been
(C)went to, has gone (D)has been to , has gone
( )2.She has__________ to Beijing twice .
(A)gone (B) got (C)been (D)come
( )3.—whereyour father, Li Lei? —To Beijing
(A)have, been (B)has, been (C)have, gone (D)has, gone
( )4.Mr Green isn't in the office , Heto the library
(A)has gone (B)went (C)has been (D)will go
( )5.Mr smith to Tokyo and he will be back in a week
(A)has been (B)has visited (C)has sent (D)has gone
( )6.They_ for two years
(A)have been to (B)have been in (C)have gone to (D)have come to
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